For the principle of stare decisis to work, a judge must be familiar with previous court decisions. Case reports, called “legal reports,” make this possible. Although there are earlier collections of cases, a formalized system of legal relationships was established in Scotland and England in the 19th century. Currently, many different sets of legal opinions are published, reproducing judgments and adding additional information from one publisher. Some time may elapse between the delivery of a judgement and its publication as a report. Similar legal reporting systems operate in other common law jurisdictions. A written, verbatim record of what was said, either in a proceeding such as a trial or in another formal conversation, such as a hearing or oral testimony. Right to decide – noun: The law, as determined by reference to reported court decisions, compares the common law. Useful English dictionary A person who records in extenso what is said in court, usually using a stenographic device, stenogram or audio recording, and then transcribing the proceedings on request.

Income that is not reasonably necessary for the maintenance of the debtor or dependents. When the debtor is carrying on a business, disposable income is defined as amounts greater than what is needed to pay ordinary operating expenses. Decision-making autonomy — When an undertaking plans, decides and acts independently of its parent company and is free to determine competitive behaviour autonomously and in accordance with its own economic interests. Practical legal dictionary. UK, US and international glossary… Legal dictionary A function of federal courts that takes place at the beginning of criminal proceedings – after a person has been arrested and charged with a federal crime and before they appear in court. Pre-Investigation Service officials are focusing on investigating the background of these individuals in order to assist the court in deciding whether to release or detain them pending trial. The decision is based on the likelihood that these individuals will flee or pose a threat to the community. If the court orders release, a pre-trial officer supervises the person in the community until the person returns to court. An individual, an individual and the individual`s spouse, a corporation or partnership that operates a farm that meets certain debt limits and other legal criteria to apply under Chapter 12. Jury – Persons selected in accordance with the law and sworn to investigate questions of fact and render a verdict.

State court jurors can only be six jurors in some cases. Federal civil prosecutions must have six jurors, criminal prosecutions must have twelve. In common law countries (including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand), it is used for judicial decisions of certain courts of appeal, trial courts, administrative tribunals and other bodies exercising judicial functions. [1] [2] Law professors have traditionally played a much less important role in the development of common law jurisprudence than civil law professors. Because court decisions in civil law traditions are historically short and formally inappropriate for setting precedents, much of the interpretation of law in civil law traditions is done by academics rather than judges; this is called teaching and can be published in treatises or journals such as the Recueil Dalloz in France. Historically, common law courts have relied little on case law; it was therefore very rare at the turn of the century for an academic writer to be quoted in a legal decision (except perhaps for the academic writings of eminent judges such as Coke and Blackstone). Today, academic authors are often cited as a persuasive authority in legal arguments and decisions; They are often cited when judges attempt to implement arguments that other courts have not yet adopted, or when the judge believes that the academic`s reformulation of the law is more persuasive than case law. Thus, common law systems adopt one of the approaches that have long been represented in civil law legal systems. U.S.

Marshal (or bailiff) – enforces the rules of conduct in courtrooms. The FindLaw Legal Dictionary – free access to over 8260 definitions of legal terms. Search for a definition or browse our legal glossaries. A natural or legal person appointed in all cases under chapters 7 and 13 to represent the interests of the bankruptcy estate and the debtor`s creditors. U.S. Attorney – A lawyer appointed by the president in each judicial district to prosecute and defend cases for the federal government. Bankruptcy – Refers to laws and legal proceedings involving individuals or businesses who are unable to pay their debts and who seek court assistance to make a fresh start. Under the protection of the bankruptcy court, debtors can repay their debts, possibly by paying a portion of each debt. Bankruptcy judges preside over these proceedings.

Judge – A government official with the power to adjudicate claims in court. The bailiffs of the Supreme Court and the highest court of each state are called judges. The chapter of the Bankruptcy Act that provides for the adjustment of the debts of a person with a regular income is often referred to as the “employees” plan. Chapter 13 allows a debtor to keep their assets and use their disposable income to pay off debts over time, usually three to five years. A person appointed in a Chapter 7 case to represent the interests of the bankruptcy estate and creditors. The functions of the liquidator include reviewing the debtor`s application and schedules, liquidating the assets of the estate and distributing them to creditors. The liquidator may also bring actions against the creditors or the debtor in order to recover ownership of the bankruptcy estate. It is important to note that once a case has been annulled, repealed (or replaced by a law), it is no longer a good law and should not be used as an authority. A lawsuit brought by a landlord against a tenant to evict the tenant from the rental property – usually for non-payment of rent. Chapter of the Insolvency Act that provides for the reorganization of municipalities (including cities and municipalities, as well as villages, counties, tax districts, municipal utilities and school districts). A lawyer appointed by the president in each judicial district to prosecute and defend cases for the federal government. The U.S.

Attorney employs a team of U.S. Assistant Prosecutors who act as government counsel in individual cases. A legislative report is divided into different sections. The most important of these is the judgment or opinion, which is the text of the judge`s reasoning. However, other sections added by the editor help to understand the case and assess its likely impact. Pleadings – Written statements by parties in civil proceedings concerning their positions. In federal courts, the main means are complaint and response. A set of rules and principles established by the United States Sentencing Commission that trial judges use to determine the sentence of a convicted accused. Misdemeanor – Generally a misdemeanor, a less serious felony than a crime punishable by less than one year in prison. In civil proceedings, the person or entity against whom the plaintiff brings an action; in criminal proceedings, the person charged with the offence. Direct evidence – evidence in support of a fact without conclusion. A request by a creditor to give the creditor the creditor`s opportunity to bring an action against the debtor or its assets, which would otherwise be prohibited by the automatic stay.

The most widely used test for assessing undue hardship related to the excusability of a student loan includes three conditions: (1) the debtor cannot maintain a minimum standard of living based on current income and expenses if it is required to repay the loans; 2. it appears that the situation is likely to persist for a significant part of the repayment period; and (3) the debtor made good faith efforts to repay the loans. A colloquial term sometimes used to refer to a litigant. It is a corruption of the Latin expression “in propria persona”. uphold – The decision of an appellate court not to overturn a decision of a lower court.